许德超,盛夏,赵子亮,潘兴龙,赵洪辉

• 1:中国第一汽车集团有限公司新能源开发院

摘要(Abstract)：

冷启动问题是制约燃料电池汽车在高寒地区应用的重要技术瓶颈。本文首先简要介绍了车用燃料电池冷启动技术的研究历程和未来的技术目标。之后,从电堆设计和优化的角度,结合近年来国内外相关技术文献,深入解析了微孔层(MPL)、流场形式以及冷启动预热方式对燃料电池冷启动性能的影响。指出使用接触角较大的微孔层、使用具有高流速、高压降和高对流的流场结构和采用分组、分阶段预热策略能够有效提升燃料电池的冷启动性能。为燃料电池电堆设计和开发工作提供了思路及参考依据。

关键词(KeyWords)： 冷启动;微孔层;流场结构;预热方式

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation):

作者(Author): 许德超,盛夏,赵子亮,潘兴龙,赵洪辉

参考文献(References)：

• [1]Jaguemont J,Boulon L,DubéY.A comprehensive review of lithium-ion batteries used in hybrid and electric vehicles at cold temperatures[J].Applied Energy,2016,164:99-114.
• [2]Wang Y,Chen KS,Mishler J,Cho SC,Adroher XC.Areview of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells:technology,applications,and needs on fundamental research[J].Applied Energy,2011,88:981-1007.
• [3]Kandi Dayeni M,Soleymani M.Intelligent energy management of a fuel cell vehicle based on traffic condition recognition[J].Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy,2016,18:1945-60.
• [4]Tabe Y,Saito M,Fukui K,Chikahisa T.Cold start characteristics and freezing mechanism dependence on start-up temperature in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell[J].Journal of Power Sources,2012,208:366-73.
• [5]Wan Z,Chang H,Shu S,Wang Y,Tang H.A review on cold start of proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J].Energies,2014,7:3179-203.
• [6]Clingerman BJ,Kolodziej JR,Kilmer DS,Rapaport PS,Mathews DS,Kocha S,et al.Fuel cell system water management strategy for freeze capability[P].US Patent2007/0298289 A1;2007.
• [7]Gwak G,Ju H.A rapid start-up strategy for polymer electrolyte fuel cells at subzero temperatures based on control of the operating current density[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2015,40:11989-97.
• [8]Honda R&D Americas.Honda FCX demonstrates cold-start performance[N].Fuel Cell Bulletin,2004.
• [9]Kim S,Kum Y,Lee K,Lim T.Development of Hyundai's Tucson FCEV[J].SAE Technical Paper,2005-01-005.
• [10]Ballard.Ballard 2004 annual report[R].(2017-10-01).
• [11]Aso S,Kizaki M,Mizuno H.Development progress of the Toyota fuel cell hybrid vehicle[J].SAE International Journal of ENGINES,2009,1(1):296-303.
• [12]Nakagaki N.The newly developed components for the fuel cell vehicle,Mirai[J].SAE Technical Paper,2015-01-1174.
• [13]Y.Luo,K.Jiao.Cold start of proton exchange membrane fuel cell[J].Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,(2017),http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2017.10.003.
• [14]X.Xie,et al.Investigation of the effect of micro-porous layer on PEM fuel cell cold start operation[J].Renewable Energy,2018,117:125-134.
• [15]T.Chikahisa.Microscopic observations of freezing phenomena in PEM fuel cells at cold starts[J].Heat Transfer Engineering,2013,34:258-265.
• [16]Z.Lu,M.M.Daino,C.Rath,et al.Water management studies in PEM fuel cells,part III:dynamic breakthrough and intermittent drainage characteristics from GDLs with and without MPLs[J],International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,(2010,35(09):4222-4233.
• [17]P.Oberholzer,P.Boillat,R.Siegrist,et al.Simultaneous neutron imaging of six operating PEFCs:experimental setup and study of the MPL effect[J],Electrochemistry Communications,2012,20(07):67-70.
• [18]O.S.Burheim,H.Su,S.Pasupathi,et al.Thermal conductivity and temperature profiles of the micro porous layers used for the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell[J],International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2013,38(07):8437-8447.
• [19]Y.Ishikawa,M.Shiozawa,M.Kondo,et al.Theoretical analysis of supercooled states of water generated below the freezing point in a PEFC[J],International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer,2014,74(07):215-227.
• [20]Santamaria AD,Bachman J,Park JW.Cold-start of parallel and Interdigitated flow-field polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell[J].Electrochimica Acta,2013,107(09):327-338.
• [21]Lim BH,Majlan EH,Daud WRW,et al.Numerical analysis of modified parallel flow field designs for fuel cells[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2017,42(14):9210-9218.
• [22]Zhu Y,Rui L,Zhenghua J,et al.Investigation on cold start of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells with different cathode serpentine flow fields[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2019,44(14):7505-7517.
• [23]Lin R,Weng Y,Li Y,et al.Internal behavior of segmented fuel cell during cold start[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2014,39(28):16025-16035.
• [24]Hishinuma Y,Chikahisa T,Kagami F,et al.The design and performance of a PEFC at a temperature below freezing[J].JSME International Journal Series B,2004,47(2):235-241.
• [25]Yamada K.Fuel cell device and related control method:US 7,537,850 B2[P].2009-05-26.
• [26]Konstantin Korytnikov,Peter Novak.Method and apparatus for cold-starting a PEM fuel cell(PEMFC)and PEM fuel cell system:US20050227126A1[P].2005-04-08.
• [27]Limbeck U.Fuel cell system with improved cold start properties and method of operating same:US8715873B[P].2014-05.
• [28]Roberts J,Geest MV,Pierrel JS.Davdi P.et al.Method and apparatus for increasing the temperature of a fuel cell with Polymer Electrolyte:EP1194969[P].2003-08-10.
• [29]詹志刚,吕志勇,黄永等;质子交换膜燃料电池冷启动及性能衰减研究;[J]武汉理工大学学报;2011年,第33卷,第1期:151-155
• [30]Z.Zhan,C.Yuan,Z.Hu,et al.Experimental study on different preheating methods for the cold-start of PEMFCstacks[J].Energy,DOI:10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.003.
• [31]Lin R,Weng Y,Lin X,et al.Rapid cold start of proton exchange membrane fuel cells by the printed circuit board technology[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2014,39(32):18369-18378.